[XXXI.]

Florence, leaving the Neri in possession. (Vill. viii. 49.)

Fulcieri da Calboli, Podestà of Florence (Purg. xiv. 58-66), beheads several of the partisans of the Bianchi. (Vill. viii. 59; Purg. xiv. 55-66.)

(May). Expedition of the Florentine Neri and Lucchese, under Moroello Malaspina, against Pistoja, and capture of Serravalle. (Vill. viii. 52.)

(June). The Florentine Neri, through the treachery of Carlino de' Pazzi (Inf. xxxii. 69), capture the castle of Piantrevigne in Valdarno from the Ghibellines and Bianchi. (Vill. viii. 53.)

130 (March). The Ghibellines and exiled Bianchi of Florence, with the Bianchi of Bologna, capture Puliciano in Mugello, but are driven out by the Florentine Neri and Lucchese, many of them being taken prisoners and beheaded. (Vill. viii. 60.) 1303 (May). Renewed expedition of the Florentine Neri and Lucchese against Pistoja; they lay waste the Pistojan territory and capture Montale. (Vill. viii. 65.)

130 (Feb.). Disturbances in Florence between two sections of the Neri party, owing to the pretensions of Corso Donati. The Lucchese intervene and restore peace. (Vill. viii. 68.)

(March 10). Cardinal Niccolò da Prato, sent as pacificator by Benedict XI, arrives in Florence. (Vill. viii. 69.)

1304 (June 4). The Cardinal, having failed in his mission, departs leaving the city under an interdict. (Vill. viii. 69.)

The Neri absolute in Florence.

Fresh disturbances among the Neri in Florence, during which the city is set on fire (June 10) and a great part of it consumed. (Vill. viii. 71.)

(July 22). The Ghibellines and exiled Bianchi assemble at Lastra, about 10 miles from Florence, in preparation for an attempt upon the city. They effect an entrance by the Porta di san Gallo and take up a position in the Piazza di san Marco, where they exhibit white flags and olive branches and shout for peace. Their overtures meeting with no response, they are forced to retire discomfited. (Vill. viii. 72.)

(July 25). The Aretines capture the castle of Laterino from the Florentines. (Vill. viii. 73.)

(Aug.). The Florentines capture the castles of Le Stinche and Montecalvi from the exiled Bianchi. (Vill. viii. 75.)

1305 (April). Robert, Duke of Calabria, arrives in

Florence as Captain-General of the Florentine forces. (May). Under his command the Florentine Neri and Lucchese, in alliance with the Tuscan Guelfs, besiege Pistoja, the last stronghold in Tuscany of the Ghibellines and Bianchi. (June). The Florentines take and destroy the castle of Ostina in Valdarno. (Sep.). At the instance of the Ghibellines and Bianchi, Clement V sends legates to Florence to mediate between them and the Neri, and to bid the latter raise the siege of Pistoja. The Florentines and Lucchese decline to obey, but Duke Robert withdraws. (Vill. viii. 82.)

130 (March 1). The Bianchi of Bologna and Florence, together with the Ghibellines, expelled from Bologna by the Guelfs, who join the Guelf league in Tuscany. (Vill. viii. 83.)

1306 (April 10). The Ghibellines and Bianchi in Pistoja, hearing of the expulsion of the Bianchi from Bologna, lose heart and surrender the city to the Florentine Neri and Lucchese after holding out for nearly a year. They are expelled by the latter, who raze the fortifications and divide the Pistojan territory between them. (Vill. viii. 82.)

(May). The Florentines destroy the castle of Montaccianico in Mugello, belonging to the Ubaldini, which had become the headquarters of the exiled Ghibellines and Bianchi. (Vill.viii. 86.)

Clement V sends Cardinal Napoleone degli Orsini as peacemaker to Florence, but the Neri decline to receive him. Laying the city under an interdict, he proceeds to Bologna to mediate between the Guelfs and the exiled Ghibellines and Bianchi, but the Guelf party maltreat and insult him, whereupon he lays the city and university under an interdict. (Vill. viii. 85.)

(Dec.). Reform of the democratic constitution in Florence; curtailment of the powers of the nobles. (Vill. viii. 87.)

[Edward II, K. of England, 1307-1327.] 1307. Cardinal Napoleone degli Orsini arrives in Arezzo, and forms a league of the exiled Ghibellines and Bianchi from Florence and the rest of Tuscany, together with the papal adherents, against the Neri and Guelfs of Florence. The Florentines march into the Aretine territory, but no decisive action is taken on either side. (Vill. viii. 89.)

(Aug.). The Guelfs of Romagna while besieging Bertinoro are defeated with great loss by the Ghibellines. (Vill. viii. 93.) 1308. Renewed dissensions among the Neri in Florence. Corso Donati is accused of conspiring against the liberties of the city, and is declared a traitor. He is killed (Oct. 6) while defending himself against the populace. (Vill. viii. 96.) 1308 (Jan.). The Aretines, with the help of Uguccione della Faggiuola, expel the Tarlati and their Ghibelline adherents, and recall the Guelfs who had been in exile for 21 years. Peace between Florence and Arezzo. (Vill. viii. 99.)

(Jan. 6). Henry of Luxemburg crowned emperor at Aix. (Vill. viii. 102.) 1309. The Ghibelline Ubaldini make peace with the Florentines. (Vill. viii. 100.)

(April 6). The Bianchi and Ghibellines of Prato expel the Neri and Guelfs from that city, but the latter are reinstated the next day by the Florentines and Pistojans. (Vill. viii. 106.)

(April 24). The Tarlati and their Ghibelline adherents return to Arezzo and expel the Guelfs. (Vill. viii. 107.)

(May-June). Renewed war between Florence and Arezzo. The Florentines ravage the Aretine territory up to the gates of the city. (Vill. viii. 110.)

(June 1). The Lucchese assemble at Serravalle with the intention of destroying Pistoja. The Florentines object and help the Pistojans to resist. (Vill. viii. 111.)

(June). The Guelfs of Ancona are defeated near Jesi by the Ghibellines of the Marches under Federico da Montefeltro. (Vill. viii, 113.)

(June 11). The Guelfs and Ghibellines of Genoa unite to expel the tyrant Ubizzino Spinoli. (Vill. viii. 114.)

138 (Feb.). The Florentines, under King Robert's deputy, attack and defeat the Aretines and exiled Florentines under Uguccione della Faggiuola. (Vill. viii. 118.)

1310 (June-Sep.). Renewed operations of the Florentines against Arezzo, in defiance of the commands of the Emperor Henry VII that they should desist. (Vill. viii. 119-20.)

(June). The Guelfs are expelled from Venice. (Vill. ix. 2.)

(July). The Guelfs are expelled from Spoleto. (Vill. ix. 6.)

1310 (Aug.). The Florentines make alliances with King Robert and the Guelf cities of Tuscany and Lombardy in order to resist the Emperor's advance into Italy. The Pisans assist him with funds, and enable him to set out. (Vill. ix. 7.)

(Oct.). Henry VII crosses the Alps and arrives at Turin. (Vill. ix. 9.)

131 (Jan. 6). Henry VII is crowned with the iron crown at Milan, ambassadors from nearly every city of Italy, with the exception of Florence and her allies, being present. Pacification of Milan and the rest of Lombardy, most of the cities of which send subsidies. (Vill. ix. 9.)

(Feb. 11). Guidetto della Torre and his party, being opposed to the Emperor, are expelled from Milan. (Vill. ix. 11.)

(Feb. 20). Cremona, incited by Florence, rebels against Henry. (Vill. ix. 11.) 1311. The Ghibellines of Brescia and Parma expel

the Guelfs from those cities. Henry, to make peace, replaces the Guelfs in Brescia, and they, aided by the Florentines and Bolognese, expel the Ghibellines, and rebel against the Emperor. (Vill. ix. 11.)

(April). Henry besieges and takes Cremona and Vicenza. (Vill. ix. 14, 15.)

(April-June). The Florentines recall their Guelf exiles, and enroll the Guelfs of Tuscany in a league against the Emperor. (Vill. ix. 16, 17.)

(July). King Robert imprisons the leading Ghibellines of Forli, Faenza, Imola, and other towns of Romagna, and expels thence the exiled Tuscan Bianchi and Ghibellines. (Vill. ix. 18.)

(Sep. 16). The Emperor takes Brescia, razes its fortifications, and imposes a heavy fine, banishing 100 of the leading citizens. (Vill. ix. 20.)

(Oct.) The Florentines and Lucchese fortify their frontiers against the approach of the Emperor. (Vill. ix. 21.)

(Oct. 21). Henry arrives in Genoa and makes peace between the opposing parties, reinstating Ubizzino Spinoli and his adherents. (Vill. ix. 24.) Henry sends envoys to Florence; the Florentines refuse to receive them. (Vill. ix. 26.)

The Florentines send troops into Lunigiana to block the Emperor's road to Pisa. (Vill. ix. 27.) (Nov.). The Emperor threatens the Florentines with reprisals if they do not submit. (Vill. ix. 29.)

(Dec. 15). King Robert sends troops to the aid of the Florentines and Lucchese. (Vill. ix. 31.) The Guelfs of Brescia rebel against the

Emperor, but are expelled by Can Grande della
Scala. Parma and Reggio, aided by the
Florentines and Tuscan Guelfs, rebel against
the Emperor. (Vill. ix. 32.)

13}} (Jan. 10). Cremona rebels against the Emperor and expels his Vicar. (Vill. ix. 34.)

(Jan. 11). The Emperor's deputy arrives in Pisa, and shortly after commences operations against the Florentines. (Vill. ix. 35.)

(Feb. 15). The Paduans, aided by the Florentines and Bolognese, rebel against Henry and expel his Vicar. (Vill. ix. 36.)

(March 6). Henry arrives in Pisa, on his way to Rome to be crowned. (Vill. ix. 37.) 1312 (April 23). Henry leaves Pisa and goes by way of the Maremma to Viterbo, whence he proceeds to Rome and forces an entrance (May 7). (Vill. ix. 40.)

(May). King Robert and the Guelfs of Tuscany assemble in force in Rome to oppose the coronation of the Emperor. (Vill. ix. 39.)

(June 29). Henry is crowned in St. John Lateran on the south bank of the Tiber. (Vill. ix. 43.)

(July 24). Galeazzo Visconti, aided by the Ghibellines, expels the Guelfs from Piacenza. (Vill. ix. 41.)

(Aug.). Henry arrives in Tuscany, and proceeds to Arezzo, where he makes preparations for the siege of Florence. (Vill. ix. 45.)

(Sep. 19). Henry lays siege to Florence, and remains before the city till the end of October. The Florentines receive large reinforcements from the Guelfs of Tuscany and Romagna, but will not risk an engagement. (Vill. ix. 47.)

(Oct. 31). Henry raises the siege of Florence, and encamps at San Casciano, where he remains until Jan. 6, 133. (Vill. ix. 48.)

131 (Jan. 7-March 6). Henry encamps at Poggibonsi. (Vill. ix. 48.)

(March 9). Henry returns to Pisa, whence he issues a proclamation against Florence, depriving the city of all its dignities and privileges. (Vill. ix. 49.)

1313 (Aug. 5). Henry leaves Pisa on his way south to encounter King Robert (Vill. ix. 51); but falls ill and dies (Aug. 24) at Buonconvento near Siena (Vill. ix. 52). After the Emperor's death his army splits up, the Aretines and the Ghibellines of the Marches and of Romagna returning home, while the Pisans escort the body back to Pisa by way of the Maremma (Vill. ix. 53). The Pisans offer the lordship of their city to Frederick, King of Sicily, and others, and on their refusal to accept the office elect Uguccione della Faggiuola, Imperial Vicar in Genoa (Vill. ix. 54). The Florentines assign the lordship of their city to King Robert for 5 years (Vill. ix. 56).

131 (Feb.-March). After the departure of Ugue

cione della Faggiuola from Genoa, the Ghibelline party in that city splits up, and civil war ensues, one half siding with the Orii, the other with the Spinoli. The latter, being worsted, leave Genoa. (Vill. ix. 57.)

Uguccione and the Pisans make war upon the Lucchese, and compel them to receive back

[XXXI.]

the Interminelli and other exiled Ghibellines into their city. (Vill. ix. 58.) 1314 (June 14). Uguccione and the Pisans, with the help of the Interminelli and other restored Lucchese Ghibellines, suddenly capture Lucca, expel the Guelfs and King Robert's Vicar, and sack the city, carrying away with them the papal treasure. (Vill. ix. 60.)

The Florentines, alarmed at the taking of Lucca, beg King Robert to send one of his brothers with troops to their support; Robert sends his younger brother Peter, who arrives Aug. 18, and is well received by the Florentines. (Vill. ix. 61.) (Sep. 18). Victory of Can Grande della Scala over the Paduans near Vicenza. (Vill. ix. 63.)

(Sep. 28). Peace between the Aretines, and Florence, Siena, and the rest of the Guelf league of Tuscany, brought about by King Robert's brother, Peter. (Vill. ix. 64.)

Uguccione della Faggiuola and the Pisans take Montecalvi from the Florentines, and several strongholds from the Pistojans. (Vill. ix. 68.) 1315. Uguccione besieges the Florentine stronghold of Montecatini; Philip, Prince of Tarentum, King Robert's brother, arrives in Florence (July 11) in response to an appeal of the Florentines for support. (Vill. ix. 70.)

(Aug. 6). The Florentines set out with a large force, composed of the troops of King Robert's two brothers, Philip and Peter, and of the Guelfs of Tuscany and their allies, in order to relieve Montecatini, but are completely routed (Aug. 29) near that place by Uguccione and the Pisan and Lucchese forces. (Vill. ix. 71, 72.)

The Florentines carry out various reforms and fortify themselves against Uguccione. (Vill. ix. 74.) 1316. Dissensions among the Guelfs in Florencetyranny of Ser Lando d'Agobbio. (Vill. ix. 76.)

(April). Uguccione della Faggiuola is driven out of Pisa and Lucca, and takes refuge with Can Grande della Scala at Verona. Castruccio Castracane is made lord of Lucca. (Vill. ix. 78.) (July). The Count of Battifolle, King Robert's Vicar, arrives in Florence, and effects various reforms and tranquillizes the city. (Vill. ix. 79.) 1317 (April). At the instance of King Robert the Florentines make peace with the Pisans and Lucchese. (Vill. ix. 82.)

(Aug. 4). The Ferrarese, supported by the Marquises of Este, rise against King Robert; the former become lords of Ferrara. (Vill. ix. 85.)

(Aug.). Uguccione della Faggiuola, aided by Can Grande della Scala, makes an unsuccessful attempt to return to Pisa. (Vill. ix. 86.)

(Sep. 15). The house of d'Oria and the Ghibellines expelled from Genoa. (Vill. ix. 87.) (Sep. 20). The Ghibellines of Lombardy, under Can Grande, besiege Cremona (Vill. ix. 88); and make an expedition against the Paduans, taking several of their strong places (Vill. ix. 89).

131 (Feb.). The Paduans make terms with Can Grande, and undertake to reinstate the Ghibellines in Padua. (Vill. ix. 89.)

(March). The exiled Genoese Ghibellines together with the Ghibellines of Lombardy besiege Genoa. (Vill. ix. 90.)

1318 (April). The Ghibellines of Lombardy, under Can Grande, take Cremona. (Vill. ix. 91.)

(July). The Genoese invite the aid of King Robert, to whom they give the lordship of their city for ten years. King Robert arrives in Genoa, and defeats the Ghibellines, compelling them to raise the siege. (Vill. ix. 93, 94, 95, 97-)

(Oct.). Dissensions in Siena between the Guelf Tolomei and the Ghibelline Salimbeni composed by the Florentines. (Vill. ix. 96.)

(Dec.). Can Grande appointed CaptainGeneral of the Ghibelline league in Lombardy. 1319 (April). King Robert departs from Genoa, whereupon the Ghibellines resume the siege. (Vill. ix. 99.)

(Aug.). Can Grande captures the suburbs of Padua. (Vill. ix. 100.)

(Oct. 10). The Guelfs of Lombardy, aided by the Florentines, regain possession of Cremona. (Vill. ix. 101.)

The exiled Ghibellines recapture sundry of the strong places of Genoa. (Vill. ix. 103.)

(Nov.). The Ghibellines, under Federico da Montefeltro, capture Spoleto, and burn 200 Guelf prisoners. (Vill. ix. 104.)

(Dec.). Marco Visconti of Milan defeats King Robert's forces at Alessandria. (Vill. ix. 102.) 1320 (April). Castruccio Castracane and the Ghibellines of Lucca, with the Pisans, make war upon the Florentines and take several of their strongholds. (Vill. ix. 106.)

(May 31). The Genoese Ghibellines defeated at Lerici by the Guelfs of Genoa and King Robert's troops. (Vill. ix. 107.)

Philip of Valois sent into Italy by the Pope to uphold the Guelf cause (Vill. ix. 109); he departs without accomplishing anything (Vill. ix. 110).

Genoa besieged by the Ghibellines of Lombardy aided by Castruccio and King Frederick of Sicily. King Robert sends a fleet of galleys to oppose that of Frederick. (Vill. ix. 111-114.)

The Florentines, during Castruccio's absence at the siege of Genoa, make a raid into Lucchese territory, and force Castruccio to return home to the defence of Lucca. (Vill. ix. 115.)

(Aug.). The Ghibellines expelled from Rieti, but, aided by Sciarra Colonna, they return and expel the Guelfs. (Vill. ix. 125.)

(Aug. 25). Can Grande defeated before Padua, Uguccione della Faggiuola being killed. (Vill. ix. 121.)

Pisa reverts to the Ghibellines after the death of Gaddo de' Gherardeschi. (Vill. ix. 122.)

(Sep.). The exiled Genoese Ghibellines and King Frederick's troops make an assault on Genoa from the land side, but are repulsed by King Robert's cavalry. (Vill. ix. 116.)

(Dec. 14). The Genoese exiles capture and burn Chiaveri. (Vill. ix. 117.)

132 (Feb. 6). The Genoese exiles capture Noli. (Vill. ix. 118.)

1321. Alliance of the Florentines with Spinetta Malaspina against Castruccio Castracane; illsuccess of their operations. (Vill. ix. 127.) (June). Revision of the Constitution in Florence. (Vill. ix. 128.)

(Sep. 14). Death of Dante at Ravenna.