Foundations

11 feet 25 cents abutments adopted air-lock Allier apron arches Argenteuil Bordeaux bottom bridges at Paris built C. E. Illustrated caisson Cannon Street chamber of excavation clay cloth cofferdam compressed air constructed cost crete cubic yard cylinders deposited depth dredger dredging driven edition engravings feet high feet in diameter feet long feet thick feet wide filled framing GILLMORE Gorai bridge gravel head of water hydraulic HYPSOMETRY inch thick inclosed inside Inst iron Kehl layer of concrete lithographed plates load Loch Ken Lorient low-water level masonry masonry cylinder Messrs method monkey morocco Paper covers piers placed planks PRACTICAL TREATISE pressure Prof railway revised river bed rubble stones Saltash sand scour screw piles shaft sheeting sides silt silty sinking soil sometimes square yard STEAM stratum strutted sunk supported thirteen feet timber tion tons twenty feet U. S. Navy viaduct watertight weight wood-cuts wooden Zerah Colburn