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they are indeed unworthy that you should pardon their enormities, or again receive them into your society.

One of the greatest difficulties which the scholar meets with, in writing correct and elegant Latin, is, to ascertain when the relative qui, and other relative particles, require the subjunctive mood after them, though the sense of the English seems to demand an indicative; I shall therefore offer a few rules and observations on this subject, for the substance of which I am indebted to the valuable remarks of Dr. Crombie, in his "Gymnasium," who seems to be the first critic who has suggested the principle of the first rule.

When the relative clause does not refer to the sentiments of the author, but of the person or persons of whom he speaks, then the subjunctive mood is used: as, Tarquin said, that he (Servius) was a partisan of the lowest rabble, from whom he sprung; that he laid upon the nobles all the burdens, which before were common: Esse fautorem infimi generis hominum, ex quo ipse sit; omnia onera, quæ communia quondam fuerint, inclinasse in primores civitatis. Here the relative clauses do not express the sentiments of the author, Livy, but of the person, Tarquin, of whom he is speaking. At the same time it will be necessary to observe the distinction between the subjunctive and the potential moods; because, in many cases, the sense may require the potential, without being affected by the relative: as, He ordered them to report what they said, quæ dicerent, that

is what they should say, potential. If, on the contrary, the relative clause refers to the sentiments of the author or writer, or is the actual language of the person of whom the author is speaking, the relative is followed by the indicative mood.

EXAMPLES.

1. He declared that he was now eighty years old, and had carried arms in the very territory now in question, not indeed when he was a very young man, for he was then serving for the twentieth time, when that war broke out. He wondered in what manuer those neighbours could hope to obtain from a people, to whose decision they appealed, those lands, of which they had never claimed the right, while that state flourished. As for himself, he had but a short time to live, but he could not satisfy his mind, without lending his feeble voice, old as he was, to assert their right to that territory, which he, when a soldier, had conquered by arms, fighting with all the courage he possessed. (This evidently refers to the sentiments of the speaker, and not to those of the writer: as also in the subsequent example.)

2. He rested the point of controversy not on the order of succession, but on the felicity of his birth. That his brother indeed had been born first, but it was while his father was yet in a private station; that he on the contrary was the first born, after his father had been advanced to the throne. That his brothers, therefore, who were born before him, might claim as their right the private patrimony, which their father possessed at that time, but not the kingdom; but that he was the first, whom his father had brought up after he had obtained the kingdom.

3. You see, he said, the dress and ornament of your general, which not any one of my enemies has laid upon me; for that would have been some consolation. (These are the indentical words of the speaker, and not the sentiments of the author; and therefore the relative clause is followed by an inacative: if instead of being the very words of the speaker, they had been his sentiments, as reported by the historian, the verb would have been the subjunctive, imposuisset: in this manner, he told them that they saw the dress, which not al enemy had laid on him.)

4. He then marched into Greece, and overthrew many cities, by the extermination of which the Spartans, being alarmed, enclose with fortifications their city, which they had always defended with arms, and not with walls, in opposition to their oracles, and the ancient glory of their ancestors. (This refers evidently to the sentiments of the writer, and therefore the relative is followed by an indicative.)

When the relative clause expresses the cause of the action, and may be rendered in English by the preposition in with the participle; or when it is used for et quod is, et quoniam is, &c. or comes after ut pote, ut quippe, it will be followed by the subjunctive mood: as, omnes-laudare fortunas meas, qui gnatum haberem tali ingenio præditum; All praised my fortunes, who had, or, in having, or, because I had, such a son.

EXAMPLE.

1. Happy sailor, who gained the shores, and was safely drawn on dry land.

2. How ungrateful you are to fortune, who thus make a toil of a pleasure.

3. Since there are many kinds of guests, who estimate, or and because they estimate my expense by their own, and despise my homely fare, them I never will invite.

When the relative follows an interrogative, or a negative, and expresses the same thing and subject as the antecedent clause, it is joined with the subjunctive mood: as, There is no one who does not hate you: nemo est, qui te non orderit. This is for the sake of avoiding ambiguity; since, if we said, nemo est, qui te non odit, it might be construed, he who hates you not is nobody.

EXAMPLES.

1. Who is the boy, who can apply to his studies, where there is such a noise ?

2. There is no one who does not understand, that the body is then most pleasantly affected, and best recruited, when it is refreshed with seasonable and moderate sleep.

:

The relative coming after the English verbs to be, to be found, when preceded by the word there, is, for the sake of perspicuity, followed by the subjunctive mood: as, There are men who say; sunt qui dicant.

EXAMPLES.

1. There have been found men, who voluntarily shortened their own life: these I think worse, and more mischievous. 2. There are philosophers, who think that the most precious thing in life is time.

When the relative comes after intensive words, as, such, so, and is used for ut ego, ut tu, &c. it is followed by the subjunctive: as, I am not such a man as to say, or, I am not the man, who says; non snm is, qui dicam. This will not take place after the demonstrative pronounis; for it would then be, I am not that man, who say, non sum is qui dico, or, I who say am not that man.

EXAMPLES.

1. I am not so hard-hearted, as to deny you your request. 2. Such is the authority of this man, that it can neither be shaken by the secret intrigue of his enemies, nor by the open attacks of the multitude.

For the sake of perspicuity the subjunctive will be used after qui, when it is preceded by such restrictive words as, solus, unicus, unus: as, He is the only one of the family who learns; est solus ex familia qui discat; were we to say discit, it might be mistaken for, he who learns is the only one of the family.

EXAMPLES.

1. He was the only one of the philosophers, who maintained that wisdom was the only guide of life, which led to happi

ness.

2. He was the only one who said that the soul of man is the man, that the body is nothing but a dwelling or an instru

ment.

When qui is used for the interrogative indefinite quis, and not as a mere relative, it is followed by the subjunctive; as Tell me, whom you see, dic mihi quem videas: if it was merely the relative, as in this sentence, I know the man whom you see, it would be, notus est mihi homo, quem vides.

EXAMPLES.

1. As for me, from the time when I first saw you, and learnt from most men, with whom I conversed, what erudition and virtue you possessed, it became the first object of my wishes, to gain your love and esteem.

2. Do you inquire to what end tend so many sciences, and by what arts men have polished the rude manners of barbarians, and have changed worse for better, disgraceful for excel lent, and the vilest for the most precious things?

It is not only after dignus, that the relative qui is used for ut, but in general where the relative

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