EXAMPLES.

1. The death of this man was not without suspicion of poi son among the vulgar, who always suspect those to be poisoned whom they love.

2. If Pompey, when he was sick, had died in Naples, he would not have been engaged in a war with his father-in-law; he had not taken up arms without preparation.

3. The best things which we do are painful, and the exercise of them grievous, if they are continued without intermission. 4. He finished the business without staying longer.

5. They went off without observing that they were closely watched.

Let it be observed, that where the latter clause is emphatical, the verb should be used instead of the participle.

6. He walks through the garden without admiring the sweetness of the lilies and roses, the beautiful order of the walks, and the melodious singing of the birds. (nec tamen.)

Without, before a verb, may be expressed by the relative qui, quæ, quod, by quin, or by an ablative absolute; as, He does nothing without consulting you: nihil agit quin te consulat, or te inconsulto.

EXAMPLES.

1. Since my father does nothing great or small without communicating it to me, why should he conceal this from me? 2. I cannot read Tully concerning old age; concerning ge friendship; his offices; or his Tusculan questions, without almost adoring that divinely inspired breast.

3. It is a miserable thing to die before one's time. What time, I pray? That of Nature? Why Nature for her part gave you the use of life, as of so much money, without setting any day of payment.

Opus est is elegantly followed by the ablative of the participle passive; as, instead of maturare opus est, we should say, maturato opus est.

EXAMPLE.

Before you begin, it is necessary to deliberate, and when you have deliberated, you must act with vigor and dispatch. (maturè facto)

i

Observe that where there is a neuter adjective or pronoun, especially when followed by quo, it is better for the sake of perspicuity to use opus with the nominative; or as some grammarians have it, opus must become an adjective; as,

He has need of what he enjoys: Id ei opus est, quo fruitur. It would not be so well to say, opus est eo quo, because they might be taken for the masculine.

EXAMPLES.

1. You have no need of that which I have need of; whilst you are contented with your own condition, and even superfluities are become necessary to me.

2. He has need of that very thing which Hannibal and ma ny other generals used in the midst of the greatest dangers, and in every engagement which they call presence of mind.

We say that the verb sum is followed by a genitive or an ablative when it serves to denote a quality, praise and blame, &c. but it is only when there is an adjective added to the substantive; as,

That lady is of remarkable beauty.

We should not say pulchritudine alone. And it must be observed that the genitives or ablatives are not always used indiscriminately; we should not say est magni natus, but magno natu.

EXAMPLES.

*1. But lest I should entertain too sanguine a hope of success in a pursuit, which admits of so much uncertainty, I commit myself and my fortunes solely to your favour and well known benevolence; for indeed what right have I to use so pressing a solicitation to you, who are of the highest authority and most consummate wisdom?

2. When Timoleon had so great an authority aud such complete power, that he might have governed them even against their will, but at the same time so much possessed the love and affections of the Sicilians, that he might have obtained the kingdom with the unanimous consent of all; preferring their love to their fear, he abdicated the sovereign power and lived a private man at Syracuse.

*3. He is a man of consummate prudence but his brother is a youth of a daring disposition.

Oportet, opus est, necesse est, velim, &c. usually take an infinitive after them, or a subjunctive with the conjunction ut: but it is more elegant to omit this conjunction; as it is likewise to leave it out after the verb caveo.

EXAMPLE.

There is a certain intemperate degree of affection toward qur friends, which it is necessary that we should restrain.

But instead of non opus est, non oportet, quid est opus, it is more elegant simply to say non est quod, nihil est quod; as, nihil est quod mihi agas gratias; There is no reason that you should thank me.

EXAMPLES.

1. Concerning the affairs of Britain, I understand from your letters, that there is no need to apprehend any danger.

2. I am distracted with my apprehensions concerning the health of our Tullia, concerning which there is no need to write more largely to you.

3. What occasion is there to build a tragedy on so trifling a subject?

KOLES FOR THE PRONOUN qui, quæ, quod, AND OTHER RELATIVES.

:

Nec quidquam est, quod tam deceat studiosum rectæ Latinitatis, quàm iste usus pronominis istius.

NOTHING occurs more frequently in Cicero, and in the best Latin authors, than the use of qui, quæ, quod, varied according to the sense and structure of the sentence; but in most cases it will be found to contribute to brevity, as forming an etsential part of elegance, and will give a more compact and close connexion to sentences. After dignus and indignus, especially qui is used in its different cases for ut ego, ut tu, ut is, ut meus, ut tibi, ut noster, &c. followed by the subjunctive mood: as, you are worthy to be loved; dignus es, qui ameris.

EXAMPLES.

1. Your mother deserves, or is worthy, that you should love her, obey her, and learn of her. (Use the pronoun qui in these different cases, as governed by the different verbs.)

2. You are worthy that I should look to your happiness. (Quorum.)

3. You have been worthy that we should listen to you.

4. My parents are worthy that every kind of happiness

should befall them.

*5. But after they have spent their youth in the greatest debauchery and profligacy, after they have disgraced their birth and noble name by the vilest actions, and most atrocious crimes,